Lactuca virosa (leaf)

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=Introduction=
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lactuca virosa'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Lactuca virosa''}}
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=Macroscopic Entries=
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=Nomenclature=
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=Microscopic Entries=
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=HPTLC Entries=
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{{nomenclature | binomial=Lactuca virosa
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=Other Points of Interest=
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|authority=L.
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[[Category:blank]]
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|family=Asteraceae
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|scn=wild lettuce
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|syn=
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|ayurvedic=
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|pinyin=
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|aka=
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|notes=The dried latex of L. virosa is known as lactucarium. }}
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
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{{Media3      |cat=Voucher
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            | source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
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            | mainimage=Lactuca_virosa_Tropicos_100263601.jpg
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            | companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
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            | companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100263601
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            | reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100263601>
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| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
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| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000815027
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| image2=Lactuca_virosa_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000815027_379963.jpg
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| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
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| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000815029
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| image3=Lactuca_virosa_var._cruenta_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000815029_379965.jpg
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| caption3=''Lactuca virosa'' var. ''cruenta''
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            | }}
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=Organoleptic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description=[''Lactuca virosa''] is lactescent, and has a strong disagreeable odor like that of opium,
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and a bitterish, acrid taste.}}
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|}
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=Macroscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Macroscopy | source=American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930)
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| description=This is a bright-green plant, from 2 to 7 feet high, covered with a whitish bloom.  It has an erect, rigid stem sometimes smooth throughout but at times hairy at the base, with numerous clasping, oblong lance-shaped leaves with finely toothed margins and spiny bristles along the underside of the midrib.  The lower leaves are at times 10 inches long and 3 inches wide, but the upper ones are much smaller.  The pale yellow flowers, which appear in the early fall, occur in very numerous heads up to a third of an inch broad, having the feathery appearance of the ripe dandelion bloom, arranged in open clusters, each head consisting of 6 to 12 flowers.
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}}
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{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description=''Lactuca virosa'', the acrid or strong-scented lettuce, is biennial, with a stem from two to four feet high, erect, prickly near the base, above smooth and divided into branches. The lower leaves are large, oblongovate, undivided, toothed, commonly prickly on the under side of the midrib, sessile, and horizontal; the upper are smaller, clasping, and often lobed; the bracts are cordate and pointed. The flowers are numerous, of a sulphur-yellow color, and disposed in a panicle. The plant is a native of Europe.}}
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{{ Media2    | cat=Macroscopy
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            | source=PlantaPhile
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            | mainimage=PlantaPhile - 149.jpg
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            | companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/
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            | source2=PlantaPhile
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            | image2=PlantaPhile - 3158.jpg
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            | companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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            | companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
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            | }}
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|}
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
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{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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            | companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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            | mainimage=Lactuca_virosa_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
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            | caption1=Large trichome found on the lower epidermis near the vein showing lignified cell observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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            | companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 +
            | companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
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            | image2=Lactuca_virosa-1-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
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            | caption2=Dark brown latex observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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            | reference= British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996
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            | }}
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=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
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{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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            | description=Wild Lettuce (leaf) (''Lactuca virosa'')
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            | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
 +
            | mainimage=Lactuca_virosa_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
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            | caption1=''Lactuca virosa'' HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm
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            | stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
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            | mobilephase=ethyl acetate: formic acid: glacial acetic acid: water [10/0.9/0.9/2]
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            | prep=0.3g+3mL CH3OH sonicate/heat @~50° C ~ 1/2 hr
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            | detection= Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm
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            | lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
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# 2 μL Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~ 0.1% in Methanol
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# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-1 (leaf)
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# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-2 (herb)
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# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-3 (leaf)
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# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-3 (leaf)
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# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-4 (herb)
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# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-5 (herb)
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# 2 μL Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~ 0.1% in Methanol
 +
 
 +
Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.
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            | reference=Lactuca_virosa_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
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            | }}
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=Supplementary Information=
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=Sources=
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<references />

Latest revision as of 19:40, 16 June 2015

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Lactuca virosa.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Lactuca virosa L.   Asteraceae  
Standardized common name (English): wild lettuce

Botanical Voucher Specimen

bottomright bottomright bottomright

Lactuca virosa Tropicos 100263601.jpg
Source: MOBOT, Tropicos.org[1]

Lactuca virosa Kew imageBarcode=K000815027 379963.jpg
Source: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[2]

Lactuca virosa var. cruenta Kew imageBarcode=K000815029 379965.jpg
Lactuca virosa var. cruenta
Source: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[3]

Organoleptic Characteristics

[Lactuca virosa] is lactescent, and has a strong disagreeable odor like that of opium,

and a bitterish, acrid taste.
Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [4]

Macroscopic Characteristics

This is a bright-green plant, from 2 to 7 feet high, covered with a whitish bloom. It has an erect, rigid stem sometimes smooth throughout but at times hairy at the base, with numerous clasping, oblong lance-shaped leaves with finely toothed margins and spiny bristles along the underside of the midrib. The lower leaves are at times 10 inches long and 3 inches wide, but the upper ones are much smaller. The pale yellow flowers, which appear in the early fall, occur in very numerous heads up to a third of an inch broad, having the feathery appearance of the ripe dandelion bloom, arranged in open clusters, each head consisting of 6 to 12 flowers.

Source: American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930) [5]
Lactuca virosa, the acrid or strong-scented lettuce, is biennial, with a stem from two to four feet high, erect, prickly near the base, above smooth and divided into branches. The lower leaves are large, oblongovate, undivided, toothed, commonly prickly on the under side of the midrib, sessile, and horizontal; the upper are smaller, clasping, and often lobed; the bracts are cordate and pointed. The flowers are numerous, of a sulphur-yellow color, and disposed in a panicle. The plant is a native of Europe.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [6]
bottomright bottomright

PlantaPhile - 149.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[7]

PlantaPhile - 3158.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[8]

Microscopic Characteristics

bottomright bottomright

Lactuca virosa - Alkemist Laboratories.png
Large trichome found on the lower epidermis near the vein showing lignified cell observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[9]

Lactuca virosa-1- Alkemist Laboratories.png
Dark brown latex observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[10]

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
(thumbnail)
Lactuca virosa HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm

Wild Lettuce (leaf) (Lactuca virosa)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 2 μL Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~ 0.1% in Methanol
  2. 3 μL Lactuca virosa-1 (leaf)
  3. 3 μL Lactuca virosa-2 (herb)
  4. 3 μL Lactuca virosa-3 (leaf)
  5. 3 μL Lactuca virosa-3 (leaf)
  6. 3 μL Lactuca virosa-4 (herb)
  7. 3 μL Lactuca virosa-5 (herb)
  8. 2 μL Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~ 0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA. 

Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates 

Mobile Phase ethyl acetate: formic acid: glacial acetic acid: water [10/0.9/0.9/2] 

Sample Preparation Method 0.3g+3mL CH3OH sonicate/heat @~50° C ~ 1/2 hr 

Detection Method Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm 

Reference see Lactuca_virosa_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg


Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories [11]

Supplementary Information

Sources

  1. ↑ MOBOT, Tropicos.org http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100263601
  2. ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000815027
  3. ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000815029
  4. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  5. ↑ American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930)
  6. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  7. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  8. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  9. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  10. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  11. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
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