Panax ginseng (root)

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=Introduction=
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Panax ginseng'' (root)}} {{askbox|herb=''Panax ginseng''}}
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''Introduction from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panax_ginseng, retrieved 02/27/2012).''
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=Nomenclature=
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{{nomenclature | binomial=Panax ginseng
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|authority=C.A. Mey.
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|family=Araliaceae
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|scn=Asian ginseng
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|syn=''Panax schinseng'' T. Nees
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|ayurvedic=
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|pinyin=ren shen (root)
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|aka=Chinese ginseng; Korean ginseng
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|notes=}}
  
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''Ginseng'' (pronounced /ˈdʒɪnsɛŋ/[1]) is any one of eleven species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, belonging to the genus ''Panax'' of the family Araliaceae.
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
  
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''Ginseng'' is found only in the Northern Hemisphere, in North America and in eastern Asia (mostly Korea, northern China (Manchuria), and eastern Siberia), typically in cooler climates. ''Panax vietnamensis'', discovered in Vietnam, is the southernmost ginseng known. Ginseng is characterized by the presence of ginsenosides.
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=Organoleptic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description=[''Panax ginseng'' (root)] has a feeble odor, and a sweet, slightly aromatic taste, somewhat analogous to that of licorice root.}}
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|}
  
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The English word ginseng derives from the Chinese term rénshēn (simplified: 人参; traditional: 人蔘). Rén means "man" and shēn means a kind of herb; this refers to the root's characteristic forked shape, which resembles the legs of a man.[2] The English pronunciation derives from a southern Chinese reading, similar to Cantonese jên shên (Jyutping: jan4sam1) and the Hokkien pronunciation "jîn-sim".
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=Macroscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description=The root is fleshy, somewhat spindle-shaped, from 5 to 12 cm. long, and 1 to 2.5 cm. thick, and terminated by one or more stem scars. Frequently there are two portions, sometimes three or more, connected at their upper extremity, and bearing a supposed, though very remote, resemblance to the human figure, from which circumstance it is said that the Chinese name ginseng originated. When dried, the root is yellowish-white and wrinkled externally, and within consists usually of a hard central portion, surrounded by a soft whitish bark. }}
  
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The botanical/genus name ''Panax'' means "all-heal" in Greek, sharing the same origin as "panacea", and was applied to this genus because Linnaeus was aware of its wide use in Chinese medicine as a muscle relaxant.
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{{Media |cat=Macroscopy
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| source=PlantaPhile
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            | mainimage=PlantaPhile - 3035.jpg
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            | companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/
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            | }}
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|}
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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            | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg             
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            | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
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            | description= Cellular structures identified in ''Panax ginseng'' root are the rosettes of calcium oxalate and yellow secretion from a resin canal when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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            | reference=W.H.O. Monographs Vol. #1 1999
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            | }}
  
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Besides Panax ginseng, there are many other plants which are also known as or mistaken for the ginseng root. The most commonly known examples are Xiyangshen, also known as American Ginseng 西洋参 (''Panax quinquefolius''), Japanese ginseng 东洋参 (''Panax japonicus''), crown prince ginseng 太子參 (''Pseudostellaria heterophylla''), and Siberian ginseng 刺五加 (''Eleutherococcus senticosus''). Although all have the name ginseng, each plant has distinctively different functions. However, true ginseng plants belong to the ''Panax'' genus.
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{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
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|companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
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|mainimage= Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey -Araliaceae--1.jpg
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          |caption1= Rosettes of calcium oxalate observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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          |source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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|image2= Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey -Araliaceae--2.jpg
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          |caption2= Yellow secretion from a resin canal from ''Panax ginseng'' root observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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          |source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories }}
  
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''The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/''
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|}
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=Macroscopic Entries=
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=Microscopic Entries=
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=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
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{{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories-W.H.O. Monographs Vol. #1 1999
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             | companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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             | companyURL=http://www.Alkemist.com
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            | description=Asian Ginseng (root) (''Panax ginseng'')
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             | mainimage=Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey -Araliaceae--1.jpg
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             | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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             | caption1=Rosettes of calcium oxalate observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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             | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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             | description= Korean Ginseng (root) (''Panax ginseng'')
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             | mainimage=Panax_ginseng_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
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            | image2=Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey -Araliaceae--2.jpg
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             | caption1=''Panax ginseng'' HPTLC ID - 10% Methanolic Sulfuric Acid UV 365 nm
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            | caption2=Yellow secretion from a resin canal from Panax ginseng root observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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            | stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
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             | characteristics=cellular structures identified in Panax ginseng root are the rosettes of calcium oxalate and yellow secretion from a resin canal when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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            | mobilephase=chloroform: ethyl acetate: CH3OH: water [3/8/4.4/1.8]
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             | prep=0.3 g + 3 ml 70% grain EtOH sonicate 10 minutes no heat
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            | detection=10% Methanolic H2SO4 -> 115° C 15 min -> UV 365 nm
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            | lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
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# 2 μL ''Panax ginseng''-1 (root)
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# 2 μL ''Panax ginseng''-2 (root)
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# 2 μL ''Panax ginseng''-3 (root)
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# 2 μL ''Panax ginseng''-4 (root)
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# 2 μL ''Panax ginseng''-4 (root)
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# 2 μL ''Panax quinquefolius''-5 (root)
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# 2 μL ''Panax ginseng''-6 (root)
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# 2 μL Ginsenoside-Rb1, Ginsenoside-Rc, Ginsenoside-Rd, Ginsenoside-Re, Ginsenoside Rf, Ginsenoside-Rg1 ~0.1% in MeOH
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Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.
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             | reference=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia & Therapeutic Compendium
 
             | }}
 
             | }}
  
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=Supplementary Information=
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=Sources=
  
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=HPTLC Entries=
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<references />
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=Other Points of Interest=
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Latest revision as of 19:44, 31 March 2015

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Panax ginseng.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.   Araliaceae  
Syn. Panax schinseng T. Nees  
Standardized common name (English): Asian ginseng  
Pinyin name(s): ren shen (root)

Botanical Voucher Specimen

Organoleptic Characteristics

[Panax ginseng (root)] has a feeble odor, and a sweet, slightly aromatic taste, somewhat analogous to that of licorice root.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [1]

Macroscopic Characteristics

The root is fleshy, somewhat spindle-shaped, from 5 to 12 cm. long, and 1 to 2.5 cm. thick, and terminated by one or more stem scars. Frequently there are two portions, sometimes three or more, connected at their upper extremity, and bearing a supposed, though very remote, resemblance to the human figure, from which circumstance it is said that the Chinese name ginseng originated. When dried, the root is yellowish-white and wrinkled externally, and within consists usually of a hard central portion, surrounded by a soft whitish bark.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [2]
bottomright

PlantaPhile - 3035.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[3]

Microscopic Characteristics

Cellular structures identified in Panax ginseng root are the rosettes of calcium oxalate and yellow secretion from a resin canal when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.

Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories [4]
AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg


bottomright bottomright

Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey -Araliaceae--1.jpg
Rosettes of calcium oxalate observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[5]

Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey -Araliaceae--2.jpg
Yellow secretion from a resin canal from Panax ginseng root observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[6]

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
(thumbnail)
Panax ginseng HPTLC ID - 10% Methanolic Sulfuric Acid UV 365 nm

Asian Ginseng (root) (Panax ginseng)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 2 μL Panax ginseng-1 (root)
  2. 2 μL Panax ginseng-2 (root)
  3. 2 μL Panax ginseng-3 (root)
  4. 2 μL Panax ginseng-4 (root)
  5. 2 μL Panax ginseng-4 (root)
  6. 2 μL Panax quinquefolius-5 (root)
  7. 2 μL Panax ginseng-6 (root)
  8. 2 μL Ginsenoside-Rb1, Ginsenoside-Rc, Ginsenoside-Rd, Ginsenoside-Re, Ginsenoside Rf, Ginsenoside-Rg1 ~0.1% in MeOH

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA. 

Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates 

Mobile Phase chloroform: ethyl acetate: CH3OH: water [3/8/4.4/1.8] 

Sample Preparation Method 0.3 g + 3 ml 70% grain EtOH sonicate 10 minutes no heat 

Detection Method 10% Methanolic H2SO4 -> 115° C 15 min -> UV 365 nm 

Reference see American Herbal Pharmacopoeia & Therapeutic Compendium


Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories [7]

Supplementary Information

Sources

  1. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  2. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  3. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  4. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  5. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  6. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  7. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
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